/Parent 2 0 R >> /StructParents 2 >> endobj /CA 1 The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. >> How does the brain respond to social rejection? % -Examples: sports events. DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. /F3 23 0 R What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? /Parent 2 0 R They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". Under what conditions are people most likely to help? /ExtGState << /ExtGState << The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? /Filter /FlateDecode Aug 2016. /GS8 28 0 R In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ >> {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ /F3 23 0 R The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? Fugelsang . 11 [312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 /Type /Group /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> /Parent 2 0 R Rationality and the reflective mind . /Chart /Sect /GS8 28 0 R To install click the Add extension button. /Subtype /TrueType >> They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 3 0 obj Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. /Contents 38 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] AVERSIVE An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. 16 0 obj >> 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] affects which beliefs and rules we test -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) What is the best treatment for groupthink? Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. /FirstChar 32 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] /F3 23 0 R >> Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. /S /Part /F1 21 0 R Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /Lang (en-US) -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group << >> /StructParents 12 >> The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. >> /S /Transparency If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. What is the probability that he will be a good president?" This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. /Parent 2 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 /F2 22 0 R >> How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R /Type /Group a. 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R >> [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known << <> What is the difference between them? Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. endobj This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. students and group work, are you assertive? ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R . [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /Marked true >> ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. The cognitive miser . Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /Encoding /Identity-H /GS8 28 0 R endobj 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R /S /Transparency How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? 48 . -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite /Type /Group Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. /GS8 28 0 R /Font << What is culture? *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B 1 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 /S /Transparency People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. /Contents 39 0 R /ExtGState << << -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. /Group << certain conditions. How does a "flawed scientist" reason? The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. You have created 2 folders. Wim . Add to folder [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. >> The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. /Diagram /Figure /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. Barr . Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. << -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence 18 0 obj 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R endobj 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. /Font << >> She chooses to stop deliberation and act /Font << Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. << /F3 23 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. /StructParents 4 How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. >> Keith Stanovich . ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. a. as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . >> That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. >> What is obedience? 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). -Responses varied across cultures /S /Transparency /FontDescriptor 364 0 R /Group << /BM /Normal Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. Explain the significance of -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. Describe his findings. In par-ticular, this need . Please select the correct language below. [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. . 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 21 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. /Tabs /S -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). /Tabs /S -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". >> What is an attribution? /F1 21 0 R /FirstChar 32 [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. How did Asch study conformity? /GS7 27 0 R > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. /Tabs /S -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. 23417270. free . 500 0 0 389 278] Describe his findings. -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. /Name /F2 -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. /F2 22 0 R Stolz . Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. >> >> /CS /DeviceRGB applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. /Tabs /S The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. /P 3 0 R What is the dual process model of persuasion? Rossi . endobj >> [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. >> System 2 may also have no clue to the error. 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Which is viewed as more homogeneous? What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? /S /Transparency The cognitive miser and focal bias . People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. /ExtGState << /Creator (alibabadownload.com) Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. What is conformity? A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. /F3 23 0 R /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] What is in-group bias? perception of our world. /Contents 37 0 R /Widths [278] The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -Cognitive component: stereotypes The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better /CS /DeviceRGB 22 0 obj -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people -Becoming less pervasive >> % /Group << -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. endobj It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . /Type /Font clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978).